The EU's Role in the Fight Against Disinformation: Developing Policy Interventions for the 2020s (Part 3)

The concluding paper in Pamment's trilogy turns from diagnosis to intervention, mapping the range of regulatory and non-regulatory tools available to the EU for countering disinformation across the 2020s. The paper distinguishes between supply-side interventions (targeting content and its production), demand-side interventions (building audience resilience), and systemic interventions (reshaping the information environment itself), and evaluates the proportionality, legal basis, and likely effectiveness of each.

The deterrence framework developed in this paper — treating disinformation as a domain where costs can be raised for perpetrators through attribution, exposure, and sanctions — anticipates much of what would become the EU's FIMI Response Framework. Read alongside the 1st and 2nd EEAS FIMI Annual Reports, this trilogy shows the intellectual lineage from early EU policy thinking to operational counter-FIMI doctrine.