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Carnegie Endowment
Countering Disinformation Effectively: An Evidence-Based Policy Guide
2024
Carnegie Endowment
Global Perspectives on Influence Operations Investigations: Shared Challenges, Unequal Resources
2022
Carnegie Endowment
Measuring the Effects of Influence Operations: Key Findings and Gaps from Empirical Research
2021
Carnegie Endowment
Emergency Management and Information Integrity: A Framework for Crisis Response
2023
Carnegie Endowment
Digital Democracy in a Divided Global Landscape
2025
Carnegie Endowment
Understanding the Information Environment: Insights from the Majority World
2024
Carnegie Endowment
What Is So Foreign About Foreign Influence Operations?
2021
Carnegie Endowment
The EU's Role in Fighting Disinformation: Taking Back the Initiative (Part 1)
2020
Carnegie Endowment
The EU's Role in Fighting Disinformation: Crafting a Disinformation Framework (Part 2)
2020
Carnegie Endowment
The EU's Role in the Fight Against Disinformation: Developing Policy Interventions for the 2020s (Part 3)
2020
European Commission
The Code of Conduct on Disinformation
2025
European Commission
European Democracy Action Plan (COM(2020) 790)
2020
European Commission
Action Plan Against Disinformation (JOIN(2018) 36)
2018
European Commission
Report on the Implementation of the Action Plan Against Disinformation
2019
European Commission
Tackling COVID-19 Disinformation — Getting the Facts Right (JOIN(2020) 8)
2020
EEAS
1st EEAS Report on Foreign Information Manipulation and Interference Threats
2023
EEAS
2nd EEAS Report on Foreign Information Manipulation and Interference Threats
2024
EEAS
3rd EEAS Report on Foreign Information Manipulation and Interference Threats
2025
EEAS
4th EEAS Annual Report on Foreign Information Manipulation and Interference Threats
2026
EEAS
How to Detect & Analyse Identity-Based Disinformation/FIMI: A Practical Guide to Conduct Open Source Investigations
2024
ENISA
Foreign Information Manipulation and Interference (FIMI) and Cybersecurity — Threat Landscape
2022
European Parliament
Foreign Interference in All Democratic Processes in the EU (INGE Report — A9-0022/2022)
2022
European Parliament
Foreign Interference in All Democratic Processes in the EU (ING2 Report — A9-0187/2023)
2023
European Parliament
Online Information Manipulation and Information Integrity (EPRS Briefing PE 762416)
2024
Hybrid CoE
Research Report 7: FIMI Defence Standards — Testing the DISARM Framework
2023
Hybrid CoE
Research Report 11: How Ukraine Fights Russian Disinformation — Beehive vs Mammoth
2024
Hybrid CoE
Research Report 12: Countering Hybrid Threats to Elections
2024
Hybrid CoE
Research Report 15: Countering Disinformation in the Euro-Atlantic — Strengths and Gaps
2025
European Commission / JRC
Fractured Reality: How Democracy Can Win the Global Struggle Over the Information Space
2026
Community of Democracies
Russia's Worldwide Information Manipulations on Telegram and X: A Pilot Study
2025
Community of Democracies
Counter-FIMI Toolbox for Diplomats
2025
INSS
Defining Foreign Influence and Interference
2024
RAND Corporation
The Russian "Firehose of Falsehood" Propaganda Model
2016
RAND Corporation
Truth Decay: An Initial Exploration of the Diminishing Role of Facts and Analysis in American Public Life
2018
RAND Corporation
Hostile Social Manipulation: Present Realities and Emerging Trends
2019
RAND Corporation
Combating Foreign Disinformation on Social Media: Study Overview and Conclusions
2021
RAND Corporation
Russian Disinformation Efforts on Social Media
2022
RAND Corporation
Chinese Disinformation Efforts on Social Media
2021
RAND Corporation
Superspreaders of Malign and Subversive Information on COVID-19
2021
RAND Corporation
A Compendium of Recommendations for Countering Russian and Other State-Sponsored Propaganda
2021
RAND Corporation
From Consensus to Conflict: Understanding Foreign Measures Targeting U.S. Elections
2020
RAND Corporation
Ukrainian Resistance to Russian Disinformation: Lessons for Future Conflict
2024
RAND Corporation
Defending American Interests Abroad: Early Detection of Foreign Malign Information Operations
2025
RAND Corporation
Dr. Li Bicheng, or How China Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Social Media Manipulation
2024
European Parliamentary Research Service
Foreign Influence Operations in the EU (EPRS_BRI(2018)625123)
2018
European Parliamentary Research Service
Information Integrity Online and the European Democracy Shield (EPRS_BRI(2024)767153)
2024
European Parliamentary Research Service
European Democracy Shield (EPRS_BRI(2025)775835)
2025
European Parliamentary Research Service
Information Manipulation in the Age of Generative Artificial Intelligence (EPRS_BRI(2025)779259)
2025
European Parliament / DG External Poli…
Mapping Fake News and Disinformation in the Western Balkans (EXPO_STU(2020)653621)
2021
European Parliament / DG External Poli…
Disinformation and Propaganda: Impact on the Functioning of the Rule of Law and Democratic Processes in the EU — 2021 Update (EXPO_STU(2021)653633)
2021
European Parliament / DG External Poli…
The Impact of Disinformation Campaigns about Migrants and Minority Groups in the EU (EXPO_IDA(2021)653641)
2021
European Parliament / DG External Poli…
Legal Loopholes and the Risk of Foreign Interference (EXPO_IDA(2023)702575)
2023
European Parliament / DG External Poli…
Enhancing the Capabilities of CSDP Missions and Operations to Identify and Respond to Disinformation Attacks (EXPO_IDA(2023)702578)
2023
European Parliament / DG Justice & Civ…
Strengthening Resilience — Towards the European Democracy Shield (IUST_STU(2025)777917)
2025
FIMI-ISAC
FIMI-ISAC Collective Findings I: Elections
2024
FIMI-ISAC
Germany: FIMI Federal Election Country Report
2025
FIMI-ISAC
Moldova: Country Election Risk Assessment (CERA)
2025
FIMI-ISAC
Moldova: Country Election Report
2025
FIMI-ISAC
Czechia: Country Election Risk Assessment (CERA)
2025
FIMI-ISAC
Czechia: Country Election Report
2025
FIMI-ISAC
Poland: Country Election Risk Assessment (CERA)
2025
FIMI-ISAC
Poland: Country Election Report
2025
Alliance for Securing Democracy / GMF
Europe's Moment of Truth: A Democracy Shield for Today and Tomorrow
2025
Alliance for Securing Democracy / GMF
Democracy in the Crosshairs: Five Key Trends Driving Foreign Interference in Democracies
2024
Alliance for Securing Democracy / GMF
The Russian Propaganda Nesting Doll: How RT is Layered into the Digital Information Environment
2024
Alliance for Securing Democracy / GMF
The State(s) of Foreign Information Operations: A State-by-State Look at Foreign Information Manipulation in the United States
2025
Alliance for Securing Democracy / GMF
Leaks, Lies, and Altered Tape: Russia's Maturing Information Manipulation Playbook
2020
Alliance for Securing Democracy / GMF
Defending 2020: What Worked, What Didn't, and What's Next
2021
Alliance for Securing Democracy / GMF
Multi-Stakeholder Insights: A Compendium on Countering Election Interference
2021
Alliance for Securing Democracy / GMF
Building Resilience Against Election Influence Operations: Preparing for the European Elections in 2024 and Beyond
2024
Alliance for Securing Democracy / GMF
The ASD AI Election Security Handbook
2024
Alliance for Securing Democracy / GMF
The ASD European Policy Blueprint for Countering Authoritarian Interference in Democracies
2019
Alliance for Securing Democracy / GMF
Conceptualizing Foreign Interference in Europe
2020
Alliance for Securing Democracy / GMF
Linking Values and Strategy: How Democracies Can Offset Autocratic Advances
2020
Alliance for Securing Democracy / GMF
Covert Foreign Money: Financial Loopholes Exploited by Authoritarians to Fund Political Interference in Democracies
2020
Alliance for Securing Democracy / GMF
China and the Digital Information Stack in the Global South
2022
Alliance for Securing Democracy / GMF
A Future Internet for Democracies: Contesting China's Push for Dominance in 5G, 6G, and the Internet of Everything
2020
Alliance for Securing Democracy / GMF
Iran's Authoritarian Playbook: The Tactics, Doctrine, and Objectives behind Iran's Influence Operations
2020
EU DisinfoLab
Doppelganger — Media Clones Serving Russian Propaganda
2022
EU DisinfoLab
Connecting the Disinformation Dots: Insights, Lessons and Guidance from 20 EU Member States
2023
EU DisinfoLab
Decoding Disinformation Impact Frameworks and Indicators: A Comparative Study
2025
EU DisinfoLab
Regulatory Challenges & Gaps in Addressing Systemic Platform Abuse
2025
EU DisinfoLab
Documenting the Setbacks: The New Environment for Counter-Disinformation in Europe and Germany
2025
EU DisinfoLab
Building a Common Operational Picture of FIMI
2026
Alliance4Europe
DISRUPT White Paper: A Whole-of-Society Approach to Defending Democracy Against Influence Operations
2026
CheckFirst
Operation Overload: How Pro-Russian Actors Flood Newsrooms with Fake Content and Seek to Divert Their Efforts
2024
CheckFirst
Operation Overload: A Growing Disinformation Threat Now Targeting the U.S. Presidential Election
2024
CheckFirst
Operation Overload: An AI-Fuelled Escalation of the Kremlin-Linked Propaganda Effort
2025
CheckFirst / Atlantic Council DFRLab
"Pravda" Network: Worldwide Expansion and LLM, Wikipedia Pollution
2025
CheckFirst
Influence by Design: How Meta Accepted Russian Propaganda Payments Despite Sanctions
2025
House of Commons
Disinformation and 'Fake News': Final Report (HC 1791, 2017–19)
2019
House of Commons
Disinformation Diplomacy: How Malign Actors Are Seeking to Undermine Democracy (HC 703, 2024–26)
2026
House of Commons
Social Media, Misinformation and Harmful Algorithms (HC 441, 2024–25)
2025
House of Commons
Defence in the Grey Zone (HC 405, 2024–25)
2025
House of Lords
The Future of News (HL Paper 39, 2024–25)
2024
House of Lords
Media Literacy (HL Paper 163, 2024–25)
2025
Royal United Services Institute (RUSI)
Russia, AI and the Future of Disinformation Warfare
2025
Chatham House
Russian Cyber and Information Warfare in Practice: Lessons Observed from the War on Ukraine
2023
Chatham House
Resilience Barometer: Countering Malign Foreign Interference — Methodology and Results of a Pilot Study in Moldova
2024
Chatham House
Online Disinformation and Political Discourse: Applying a Human Rights Framework
2019
Chatham House
Holding State-Sponsored Hackers and Other Cyber Proxies to Account
2026
Council on Foreign Relations
Foreign Influence and Democratic Governance (Council Special Report No. 98)
2024
Institute for Strategic Dialogue
Europe's Other Battlefields: Foreign Hybrid Threats in the EU
2026
Institute for Strategic Dialogue
Behind the Curtain: Unveiling Pro-Kremlin Ecosystems in Europe
2025
Institute for Strategic Dialogue
Two Years On: An Analysis of Russian State and Pro-Kremlin Information Operations During the War on Ukraine
2024
Institute for Strategic Dialogue
Monitoring Influence & Disinformation Campaigns in the Western Balkans
2024
Institute for Strategic Dialogue
The Vladimirror Network: Pro-Putin Power-Users on Facebook
2022
Institute for Strategic Dialogue
Monitoring Disinformation and Influence Campaigns in the 2022 French Elections: Lessons Learnt
2022
Institute for Strategic Dialogue
Rethinking Media Literacy: A New Ecosystem Model for Information Integrity
2025
Institute for Strategic Dialogue
Online Safety Regulation & Private Online Communications: The State of Play and Ways Ahead
2025
Institute for Strategic Dialogue
Deny, Deceive, Delay: Documenting and Responding to Climate Disinformation at COP26 & Beyond
2022
Foreign Policy Centre
Networks of Influence: Decoding Foreign Meddling in Romania's Elections
2024
Government of Canada / Hogue Commission
Initial Report — Public Inquiry into Foreign Interference in Federal Electoral Processes and Democratic Institutions
2024
Government of Canada / Hogue Commission
Final Report — Public Inquiry into Foreign Interference in Federal Electoral Processes and Democratic Institutions
2025
Macdonald-Laurier Institute
Stemming the Virus: Understanding and Responding to the Threat of Russian Disinformation
2019
Macdonald-Laurier Institute
Distorted Reality: Russian Media Narratives About the Canadian and US Arctic
2025
Macdonald-Laurier Institute
Facing the Authoritarian Challenge: The Sino-Russian Alignment and What Canada Should Do About It
2021
Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI)
A Beast of a Different Kind: Malign Foreign Information Operations (CIGI Paper No. 354)
2026
Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI)
Freedom of Thought: Reviving and Protecting a Forgotten Human Right
2024
Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI)
Foreign Interference Online: Where Disinformation Infringes on Freedom of Thought (Policy Brief No. 3)
2024
Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI)
The Internet, Ad-Supported Business Models, and the Amplification of Disinformation (Policy Brief No. 4)
2024
Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI)
Disinformation Campaigns and the Future of Electoral Integrity in the Age of AI (Policy Brief No. 12)
2025
Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI)
AI and Information Manipulation: Russia's Interference in the US Elections
2025
Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI)
Russian Disinformation about the US Election: AI Analysis of Narratives
2024
Demos
Epistemic Security for Crisis Resilience: An Analysis of Information Threats, Vulnerabilities, and Priority Interventions
2026
Demos
Epistemic Security 2029: Fortifying the UK's Information Supply Chain to Tackle the Democratic Emergency
2025
Demos
Verification, Deliberation, Accountability: A New Framework for Tackling Epistemic Collapse and Renewing Democracy
2025
Demos
The Deepfake Gap: Regulating False Statements & AI to Safeguard Elections
2026
Demos
Electoral Hallucinations: Safeguarding UK Elections in the World of LLMs and AI Chatbots
2026
Demos
Free and Fair: Election Law in the Age of AI
2025
Demos
Synthetic Politics: Preparing Democracy for Generative AI
2024
Demos
Generative AI and Democracy: Impacts and Interventions
2024
Demos
Community Disorder: How Do We Prevent an Information Emergency?
2025
Demos
Researching the Riots: An Evaluation of the Efficacy of Community Notes During the 2024 Southport Riots
2025
Demos
Drivers of Digital Discord: How News Media and Social Media Drive Online Discourse — and Pathways for Change
2023
Demos
Conspiracy Loops: From Distrust to Conspiracy to Culture Wars
2024
Demos
Fairer Feeds: Public Interest News, Prominence Rules, and the Future of Discoverability on Platforms
2026
European Court of Auditors
Disinformation Affecting the EU: Tackled but Not Tamed (Special Report 09/2021)
2021
International IDEA
Resisting Foreign Information Manipulation and Interference: A Stress Test for Democracies
2025
Sopra Steria
The Global Economic Impact of Disinformation: Financial, Social and Political Costs
2026
IPIE
Confronting Misinformation Produced with Generative AI: A Meta-Analysis of Experimental Scientific Evidence
2026
IPIE
Trends in the Information Environment: 2025 Expert Survey Results
2025
IPIE
Trends in the Global Information Environment: 2024 Expert Survey Results
2024
IPIE
Platform Responses to Misinformation: A Meta-Analysis of Data
2023
IPIE
Countermeasures for Mitigating Digital Misinformation: A Systematic Review
2023
CSIS
Foreign Malign Influence Targeting U.S. and Allied Corporations
2025
IPPR
AI's Got News for You: Can AI Improve Our Information Environment?
2026
JRC / European Commission
Fractured Reality: How Democracy Can Win the Global Struggle Over the Information Space
2026
ISD
Safeguarding Elections in the Digital Age
2024
Carnegie Europe
Assessing Information Ecosystems: How Governments Can Get Ahead of Hybrid Threats
2026
Carnegie Endowment
Assessing National Information Ecosystems
2025
House of Commons Library
Iranian State Threat Activities in the UK
2026
Demos
Resilient Information Ecosystems: Upgrading the Information Supply Chain for Democracy
2026
