Two Years On: An Analysis of Russian State and Pro-Kremlin Information Operations During the War on Ukraine

ISD's longitudinal analysis of Russian state and pro-Kremlin information operations across the first two years of the full-scale invasion provides the most detailed publicly available account of how Russian information operations have adapted since February 2022. The report tracks narrative evolution — from early denialism and false flag accusations through energy-cost framing, NATO fatigue messaging, and Global South outreach — documenting how Russia adjusted its information strategy as initial narratives failed or became less effective.

The platform tactics dimension is equally important: the report documents how Russian operations have migrated across platforms as enforcement actions have reduced their reach on major Western services, and how amplification strategies have evolved in response to improved detection capabilities. For threat assessment practitioners, the longitudinal dimension is particularly valuable — understanding how Russian information operations evolve under pressure, and what drives those adaptations, provides better predictive insight than static snapshots of current tactics.